A scarecrow is, essentially, a decoy. Traditionally, it is a human figure (or mannequin) dressed in old clothes and placed in fields by farmers to discourage birds such as crows or sparrows from disturbing and feeding on recently cast seed and growing crops.[1]
History
In Kojiki, the oldest surviving book in Japan (compiled in the year 712), a scarecrow known as Kuebiko appears as a deity who cannot walk, yet knows everything about the world.
The 1881 Household Cyclopedia of General Information gives the following advice:
Machinery of various kinds, such as wind-mills in miniature, horse rattles, etc., to be put in motion by the wind, are often employed to frighten crows; but with all of these they soon become familiar, when they cease to be of any use whatever.The most effectual method of banishing them from a field, as far as experience goes, is to combine with one or other of the scarecrows in vogue the frequent use of the musket. Nothing strikes such terror into these sagacious animals as the sight of a fowling-piece and the explosion of gun powder, which they have known so often to be fatal to their race.Such is their dread of a fowling-piece, that if one is placed upon a dyke or other eminence, it will for a long time prevent them from alighting on the adjacent grounds. Many persons now, however, believe that crows like most other birds, do more good by destroying insects and worms, etc., than harm by eating grain.—Henry Hartshorne, The Household Cyclopedia of General Information[2]
Crows can be a substantial problem for gardens in the springtime: they can work down a row pulling up recently sprouted corn to eat the remaining seed/seedlings. In the southern Appalachians another common method of scaring off crows was use of a dead crow hung upside down from a pole.
Modern scarecrows, though still essentially decoys, seldom take a human shape. On California farmland, highly reflective aluminized PET filmribbons are tied to the plants to create shimmers from the sun. Another approach is automatic noise guns powered by propane gas.
In the United Kingdom, where the use of scarecrows as a protector of crops date from time immemorial, and where dialects were rife, there are a wide range of alternative names such as:
| Name | Locale |
|---|---|
| Hodmedod | Berkshire |
| Murmet | Devon |
| Tattie Bogal | Isle of Skye |
| Tattie bogle[3]
Bodach-rocais (lit. "old man of the rooks")
| Scotland |
| Mommet | Somerset |
| Bwbach | Wales |
Alternative names for scarecrows also include these localized versions:
| Name | Locale/Language |
|---|---|
| Fugleskræmsel | Danish |
| Vogelverschrikker | Dutch |
| Epouvantail | French |
| Vogelscheuche | German |
| Bijuka | Hindi |
| Spaventapasseri | Italian |
| Kakashi | Japanese |
| Nokku Kuthi | Malayalam |
| Nuffara | Maltese |
| Matarsack | Persian |
| Tao-tao | Philippines |
| Espantalho | Portuguese |
| Espantapájaros | Spanish |
| Sola Kolla Bommai | Tamil |
| Bujgaavane (बुजगावणे) | Marathi |
| Flay-crow
Mawpin
Mawkin
Bird-scarer
Mog
Shay
Guy
Shuft
Rook-scarer
Kelson
| Unknown |
(Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. London: Penguin Books, 2000)
[edit]Cultural impact
The impact of the scarecrow extends beyond its immediate utilitarian function.
[edit]In literature and film
In the 1719 novel Robinson Crusoe, by Daniel Defoe, the main character attempts to keep birds from eating his newly sowed corn stalks. As a discouragement, he shoots several of the birds and then hangs them in rows, such as English prisoners. The remaining birds are so frightened that they refuse to even remain in the area. While not the modern idea of a scarecrow, Crusoe does remark, "...I could never see a bird near the place as long as my scarecrows hung there." (Crusoe is generally thought of as the first English novel to use the term and it is possible that the term owes its popularity to this appearance.)
Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story "Feathertop" is about a scarecrow created and brought to life in seventeenth century Salem, Massachusetts by a witch in league with the devil. He is intended to be used for sinister purposes and at first believes himself to be human, but develops human feelings and deliberately cuts his own life short when he realizes what he really is. The basic framework of the story was used by American dramatist Percy MacKaye in his 1908 play The Scarecrow.
L. Frank Baum's tale The Wonderful Wizard of Oz has a scarecrow as one of the main protagonists. The Scarecrow of Oz was searching for brains from the Great Wizard. In the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz The Scarecrow of Oz was portrayed by Ray Bolger. In the 1914 film His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz the Scarecrow of Oz was portrayed by Frank Moore.
Worzel Gummidge, a scarecrow who came to life in a friendly form, first appeared in series of novels by Barbara Euphan Todd in the 1930s, and later in a popular television adaptation.
The Scarecrow is the alter ego of the Reverend Doctor Christopher Syn, the smuggler-Robin-Hood hero in a series of novels written by Russell Thorndike. The first book, Doctor Syn: A Tale of the Romney Marsh, was published in 1915. The story was made into a movie (1937) and later taken up by Disney in 1963 and dramatized for its Sunday night audience as Dr. Syn: The Scarecrow of Romney Marsh starring Patrick McGoohan.
A film directed by Jerry Schatzberg in 1973 starring Al Pacino and Gene Hackman is titled Scarecrow and deals with two characters on a journey reminiscent of the one in L. Frank Baum's book. The film also features a dialogue regarding scarecrows which presents the idea that the crows find scarecrows funny, and crows, as a sign of gratitude for the laughter, decide to keep off of crops where scarecrows are posted.
"Scarecrow" is the callsign of Captain Shane M. Schofield who appears in Ice Station, Area 7, Scarecrow and Hell Island by Australian author Matthew Reilly.
Cillian Murphy portrays the Scarecrow in the 2005 feature film Batman Begins and the 2008 sequel The Dark Knight. In the film, Jonathan Crane is the lead psychiatrist at Arkham Asylum and also working with mobster Carmine Falcone, declaring his arrested henchmen insane so they can be released quicker. However, he also conducts experiments on his patients, using a fear toxin developed with Ra's al Ghul to break their minds. This version just wears a poorly stitched burlap sack with a built-in rebreather, doubling as a gas mask. Murphy explained that the relatively simple mask was done because "[He] wanted to avoid the Worzel Gummidge look, because he's not a very physically imposing man - he's more interested in the manipulation of the mind and what that can do."[14]
In Supernatural Season 1, Episode 11, entitled Scarecrow, two hunters (brothers Sam and Dean) of evil spirits travel to a small town in Indiana where couples have gone missing the same day each year, only to discover the local farmers are sacrificing the innocent victims in order to end a geographic blight long cursing the region, to a Pagan God who takes the form of a scarecrow.
In the British TV series Doctor Who two episodes, Human Nature and Family of Blood, contain numerous scarecrows used as henchmen for the episodes' antagonists. They are animated through an unknown scientific method. In the end one of the antagonists is left conscious, but paralyzed, in a field disguised as a scarecrow.
[edit]Comics
The Scarecrow is a character in the DC Comics universe, a classic supervillain and one of Batman's greatest enemies. Similar characters, known as Scarecrow and Straw Man, have appeared inMarvel Comics.
A scarecrow called Mervyn Pumpkinhead is one of the dreams who serve Dream of the Endless in Neil Gaiman's The Sandman (Vertigo) series. Mervyn is a builder of dreamscapes as well as a caretaker or maintenance worker of sorts.
Kakashi Hatake is a main character in the manga series Naruto. His name means "field scarecrow" in Japanese and in the anime adaptation he is seen to trick his team on a few occasions by using scarecrows as decoys.
[edit]Music
Disney created a themesong for its 1963 Dr. Syn: The Scarecrow of Romney Marsh, which included the lyrics, "Scarecrow! Scarecrow! The soldiers of the King feared his name. Scarecrow! Scarecrow! The country folk all loved him just the same. SCARECROW!". It was written by Terry Gilkyson. It is available on DVD as "Dr. Syn: The Scarecrow of Romney Marsh" in Walt Disney Treasures: Wave Eight.
British band Pink Floyd recorded a song called "The Scarecrow" for their debut album, The Piper at the Gates of Dawn
In January 2008 Avantasia, a heavy metal project by Edguy's vocalist Tobias Sammet released an album called The Scarecrow.
John Cougar Mellencamp's Scarecrow album, which peaked at No. 2 in the Fall of 1985, spawned five Top 40 singles including "Rain on the Scarecrow" (#21).
The album Peepshow by British band Siouxsie and the Banshees contains a track called "Scarecrow".
Lord Infamous, an American rapper and co-founder of the Memphis rap group Three 6 Mafia, is also known as "Scarecrow"
The Japanese band, The Pillows, put out a single titled "Scarecrow" on April 4, 2007.[4]
David Hutto aka Boondox, uses a scarecrow persona for his southern/horrorcore rap style, he is signed to Psychopathic Records
Lal_Waterson wrote 'The Scarecrow' recorded by June_Tabor .
My Chemical Romance released a song entitled S/C/A/R/E/C/R/O/W, referring to the secret police of the dystopian world created for their 2010 album Danger Days.
On 24 April 2012, iamamiwhoami released their music video 'idle talk', you can see Jonna standing in a field, in a scarecrow pose.
[edit]Other
In August 2004 a scarecrow dressed as a police woman was stolen from Middleton-in-Teesdale by staff at Loaded magazine who appointed it as guest editor for one issue.[5]
Scarecrows are also a type of creature in the trading card game Magic: The Gathering. They act as ordinary scarecrows animated by magical means.
Joe's Scarecrow Village in Cape Breton, Canada is a roadside attraction displaying dozens of scarecrows.
[edit]Scarecrow festivals
Isle of Skye, Minginish. Tattie bogal event, Workshops, Scarecrow trail, Family fun Day, and Ceildh & Barn Dance, each year. Scarecrow Festival In the UK, the festival at Wray, Lancashirewas established in the early 1990s and continues to the present day. In the village of Orton, Eden, scarecrows are displayed each year, often using topical themes such as a Dalek exterminating a Wind turbine to represent local opposition to a wind farm. Norland, West Yorkshire has a festival. Tetford and Salmonby jointly host one. In Teesdale, the villages of Cotherstone, Staindrop and Middleton-in-Teesdale have annual scarecrow festivals. The village of Meerbrook in Staffordshire holds an annual Scarecrow Festival during the month of May. Kettlewell in North Yorkshire has held an annual festival since 1994.[6] Scotland's first scarecrow festival was held in West Kilbride, North Ayrshire in 2004[7], and there is also one held in Montrose.
In Dymchurch on Romney Marsh a man dressed as a scarecrow rode down the street annually since 1964 in celebration of local author Russel Thorndike's Dr Syn books, however in 2008 he was required to walk due to health and safety regulations.[citation needed] Tonbridge in Kent also host an annual "Scarecrow Trail"., organised by the local Rotary Club to raise money for local charities. In the USA, St. Charles, Illinois hosts an annual "Scarecrow Festival".
The 'pumpkin people' come in the fall months in the valley region of Nova Scotia, Canada. They are scarecrows with pumpkin heads doing various things such as playing the fiddle or riding a wooden horse. Cats and pigs made from pumpkins are also present. Hickling, in the south of Nottinghamshire, is another village that celebrates an annual scarecrow event. It is very popular and has successfully raised a great deal of money for charity. [1] Photographs of some of the hundreds of scarecrows built at Hickling can be found here... [2]
No comments:
Post a Comment